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  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 681 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->block_content() (Line: 431)
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    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 68)
    __TwigTemplate_8ddd1c6f3541c31d1c369c6b70d92a4e->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
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    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 504)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 47)
    __TwigTemplate_cffe8b5ad7354ebecb31f6932c1d115f->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
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    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
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    __TwigTemplate_046d7df494f066c9aa5bfb55cd2d2e9c->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 638)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 159)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 191)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 128)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 82)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 737 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->block_content() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 77)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
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    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 504)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
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    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 124)
    __TwigTemplate_046d7df494f066c9aa5bfb55cd2d2e9c->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
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    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 638)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 159)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 191)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 128)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 82)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 681 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->block_content() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 77)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
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    __TwigTemplate_8ddd1c6f3541c31d1c369c6b70d92a4e->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
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    __TwigTemplate_33002299742a0245432f11e8804e8e72->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
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    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 504)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 47)
    __TwigTemplate_cffe8b5ad7354ebecb31f6932c1d115f->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
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    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
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    __TwigTemplate_046d7df494f066c9aa5bfb55cd2d2e9c->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
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    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 159)
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    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
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    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 191)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 128)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 82)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
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    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 737 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->block_content() (Line: 431)
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    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
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    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
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    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 191)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 128)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 82)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
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MSF Speaking Out

Violence against Kosovar Albanians, NATO's intervention 1998-1999

Returnees at Sopi, Suva Reka region, Kosovo. 
© Myriam Gaume

All Speaking Out Case Studies > Violence against Kosovar Albanians, NATO's intervention 1998-1999

The ‘Violence against Kosovar Albanians NATO’s intervention 1998-1999’ case study describes the constraints and dilemmas faced by Médecins Sans Frontières teams when witnessing the process of terror and expulsion they described as the ‘deportation’ of Kosovar Albanians by Serb forces. It also described MSF’s reaction to NATO aerial bombings and their control over refugee camps.

Questions and dilemmas:

  • Should MSF denounce the violence being committed against Kosovars at the risk of being excluded from access to these people and of encouraging the NATO intervention?
  • Should MSF take a stance on the NATO intervention?
  • What sort of relationship should be established with countries that were committed either militarily (such as NATO members) or politically (Greece) in the conflict and their civil societies?
  • Should MSF raise the alarm about the absence of the UNHCR in the management of the refugee camps, at the risk of reinforcing this marginalization?
  • Is it justifiable to carry out an assessment mission that sacrifices the principle of operational independence, by invoking an interpretation of the principle of impartiality that implies a responsibility to assist victims on both sides of a conflict?

Download the case study

Additional materials

Map MSF Programmes in Kosovo, until 1999.
Programmes MSF au Kosovo, jusqu'en 1999
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