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  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 681 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->block_content() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 77)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 68)
    __TwigTemplate_8ddd1c6f3541c31d1c369c6b70d92a4e->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 112)
    __TwigTemplate_8d7f898e4b10d5677efe1b06f2f201a1->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 178)
    __TwigTemplate_33002299742a0245432f11e8804e8e72->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 504)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 47)
    __TwigTemplate_cffe8b5ad7354ebecb31f6932c1d115f->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 124)
    __TwigTemplate_046d7df494f066c9aa5bfb55cd2d2e9c->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 638)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 159)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 191)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 128)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 82)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 737 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->block_content() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 77)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 68)
    __TwigTemplate_8ddd1c6f3541c31d1c369c6b70d92a4e->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 112)
    __TwigTemplate_8d7f898e4b10d5677efe1b06f2f201a1->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 178)
    __TwigTemplate_33002299742a0245432f11e8804e8e72->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 504)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 47)
    __TwigTemplate_cffe8b5ad7354ebecb31f6932c1d115f->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 124)
    __TwigTemplate_046d7df494f066c9aa5bfb55cd2d2e9c->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 638)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 159)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 191)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 128)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 82)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 681 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->block_content() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 77)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 189)
    __TwigTemplate_8ddd1c6f3541c31d1c369c6b70d92a4e->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 112)
    __TwigTemplate_8d7f898e4b10d5677efe1b06f2f201a1->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 178)
    __TwigTemplate_33002299742a0245432f11e8804e8e72->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 504)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 47)
    __TwigTemplate_cffe8b5ad7354ebecb31f6932c1d115f->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 124)
    __TwigTemplate_046d7df494f066c9aa5bfb55cd2d2e9c->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 638)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 159)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 191)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 128)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 82)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 737 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->block_content() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 77)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 189)
    __TwigTemplate_8ddd1c6f3541c31d1c369c6b70d92a4e->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
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    __TwigTemplate_8d7f898e4b10d5677efe1b06f2f201a1->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 178)
    __TwigTemplate_33002299742a0245432f11e8804e8e72->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 504)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 47)
    __TwigTemplate_cffe8b5ad7354ebecb31f6932c1d115f->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
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    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 124)
    __TwigTemplate_046d7df494f066c9aa5bfb55cd2d2e9c->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 638)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 159)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 191)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 128)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 82)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
Noma surgical intervention Oct/Nov 2023

Surgery & trauma care

During two weeks between October and November 2023, a total of 32 reconstructive surgeries were carried out for noma patients by a team of highly trained Nigerian, American and Japanese surgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses. Sokoto, Nigeria, October 2023.
© Alexandre Marcou/MSF
Médecins Sans Frontières has been providing surgical care for people in precarious contexts for more than 40 years.

Surgery in a humanitarian situation is often associated with armed conflict. Yet our teams conduct operations for a variety of needs. In 2023, nearly one in four of the major surgeries we performed were caesarean sections, which is difficult to access in countries with a failing health system or in humanitarian emergencies. The opening of a surgical programme has a number of prerequisites which need medical and logistics resources, such as sterile conditions, qualified personnel, and post-operative capacity.

Quick facts about surgery and trauma care

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We produce important research based on our field experience. So far, we have published articles in over 100 peer-reviewed journals. These articles have often changed clinical practice and have been used for humanitarian advocacy. All of these articles can be found on our dedicated Field Research website.

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