Entomologist Andre Yebakima was among MSF's team who carried out an initial assessment.

What is the entomologist's role in a yellow fever response?

In a vector-borne disease such as yellow fever, there are three components: the virus, humans and the vector, in this case the mosquito, which transmits the virus. To combat the disease, all three components must be considered. The entomologist, an insect specialist, will therefore focus on the mosquito. Our goal is to locate the larval habitats, in other words the mosquitoes' breeding grounds. These larval habitats are varied; for example, they might be small piles of rubbish in a courtyard or garden where a bit of water has stagnated, old abandoned tyres, water tanks, blocked gutters, and so on.

In the case of yellow fever, the mosquito species responsible is the Aedes. When it takes the virus from an infected person, the virus develops in the mosquito's body for about 12 days, after which the mosquito can transmit it to a healthy person. Once a female mosquito is infected, it will continue to carry the virus, and therefore be able to transmit it, throughout its life, which lasts one to two months. It can also transmit the virus to its offspring, although not systematically. Without mosquitoes there is no transmission. So, besides vaccination, eradicating the mosquito is another way to break the chain of transmission. 

What methods are used to combat mosquitoes?

There are several complementary methods. Firstly, people should protect themselves from being bitten using repellents, mosquito nets, long clothing, etc. They should also avoid having anything in or around the house that can hold stagnant water, which encourages mosquito breeding. Lastly, we can use biocides, chemical or biological pesticides. These can be used either in the habitats, where a larvicide can prevent larvae from developing, or by spraying or fumigating homes with biocides that target adult mosquitoes. There is also a recently developed process that involves poisoning the water of a larval habitat. Any mosquito that lands on the water will then carry the pesticide on its legs to other larval habitats where other mosquitoes will then in turn be poisoned.

Generally speaking, community action and health promotion are essential to explaining the disease, the role played by mosquitoes and what should be done in terms of prevention.

You carried out an assessment in Kinshasa where several cases from Angola and one local case had been confirmed. In such a big city, how do you identify where to focus the response?

Generally, we have markers: a neighborhood where there are suspected cases, where the population is denser. Such indicators will help guide us in the field. Once in the field, as we know it is a domestic mosquito that lives near people, we will carry out visits in and around homes to identify areas where stagnant water may collect.

In Kinshasa, the primary goal was to assess the vector, the mosquito, by sampling: what species were responsible and where their breeding grounds were. It also involved identifying the local partners that MSF could work with, and assessing needs in order to prepare the MSF response effort: human resources, products, equipment, etc.

The main finding was the predominant role of people in the creation of larval habitats. From an entomological point of view, indicators show that there is a risk of an outbreak as soon as there are imported or local cases. With the outbreak in neighboring Angola, the precautionary principle is to take action with, for example, social engagement and targeted actions around suspected cases or vulnerable locations such as hospitals and schools. There will always be areas of stagnant water. The goal is not to eradicate, but rather reduce the mosquito population to such an extent that it greatly lowers the transmission rate.