Guillaume Baret, head of MSF’s programmes in Nigeria and Niger, reports on the situation in northeast Nigeria. Despite the presence of armed groups and the restrictions imposed by the Nigerian authorities, he believes solutions can be found to provide assistance in places the army does not control.
Northeast Nigeria has been in a state of conflict for over ten years. How is this affecting the region’s inhabitants?
Most of Borno state’s population is concentrated in urban zones, and even more so in the capital Maiduguri where, according to various estimates, over one million displaced people now live. Armed groups – the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP) and the JAS led by Abubacar Shekau – have strengthened their hold over rural areas in Borno and regions in Niger, Chad and Cameroon sharing borders with Nigeria.
1.2 million people live in non-government-controlled areas where, like most rural regions in the Sahel, essential services are sorely lacking and healthcare is non-existent.
But people continue to live in these places. The United Nations in Nigeria estimates that 1.2 million people live in non-government-controlled areas where, like most rural regions in the Sahel, essential services are sorely lacking and healthcare is non-existent. This is a structural problem aggravated by the conflict.
People here are even more vulnerable to seasonal health illnesses, like malaria that wreaks havoc throughout the rainy season, and malnutrition during the lean season. Malaria and malnutrition are among the main causes of death among young children. Epidemics are also regular occurrences in these areas, and since 2017, MSF has provided assistance with outbreaks of meningitis, hepatitis E and cholera and, more recently, measles.
Where they are present, MSF teams have been able to deliver medical assistance on a large scale.
While needs remain substantial in areas controlled by the government, like garrison towns where troops are stationed and Borno state’s capital, where most of the displaced have taken refuge, the health situation has stabilised through the provision of aid.
Where they are present, MSF teams have been able to deliver medical assistance on a large scale. Take Maiduguri. With the arrival of the displaced, the city’s population doubled in size. We set up a paediatric hospital with close to 200 beds where we provide care to more than 10,000 children annually, and this year, we treated over 3,500 patients with measles when the disease broke out across the state.
In particular, in the remote ‘garrison’ town Bama, MSF set up a 30-bed paediatric hospital and implemented a seasonal malaria chemoprevention campaign to protect 12,000 children during the peak transmission period. Other MSF teams also deliver considerable medical assistance in Gwoza, Pulka and Ngala and, more intermittently, Rann and Banki.
While everything leads us to believe that one million people living in rural areas are even more badly affected by malaria, malnutrition and epidemics, aid organisations cannot get to them.
The number of patients and the severity of cases we treat in government-controlled areas where humanitarian aid can be provided make us fear for the health of people in rural areas and areas not controlled by the army who have no access to any assistance. While everything leads us to believe that one million people living in rural areas are even more badly affected by malaria, malnutrition and epidemics, aid organisations cannot get to them.
Why is it impossible to reach these areas in northeast Nigeria?
The main obstacle to reaching these areas is the insecurity resulting from the presence of ISWAP and JAS militants. In 2018, the ISWAP group started attacking humanitarian organisations and in the autumn murdered two midwives working for the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Then, in July this year, six members of Action contre La Faim (ACF) were kidnapped by the ISWAP group. One of them was executed in September, and four others this month. The armed group is still holding several other aid workers, and two weeks ago claimed responsibility for the abduction of two more people near Maiduguri. During an attack at the beginning of the year on Rann in east Borno State, armed groups stole MSF's drug supplies and medical equipment intended for displaced people.
There’s an urgent need to provide assistance in places where the health system is broken and children are the primary victims.
Our teams deployed in south Diffa in Niger have reported similar incidents. All this means we have to be extremely prudent.
Other problems are the authorities’ restrictions on travel on certain roads or to so-called "inaccessible" areas. The Nigerian army prohibits or restricts access in Yobe, Borno and Adamawa states, depending on how it gauges its ability to ensure security.
Similar restrictions are imposed during military and counter-insurgency operations aimed at isolating areas controlled by armed groups to cut off their access to outside resources – which includes humanitarian aid – without considering that civilians may be present.
These are the factors explaining why aid is concentrated in ‘garrison’ towns. Elsewhere, the situation appears very challenging for aid organisations, and even more so since October when the authorities decided to temporarily suspend ACF’s and Mercy Corps’ activities on the grounds they were supporting terrorist groups.
Despite the many challenges, can’t solutions be found to provide assistance in places other than ‘garrison’ towns?
There’s an urgent need to provide assistance in places other than ‘garrison’ towns, in places where the health system is broken and children are the primary victims of malaria, malnutrition and measles. Our recent experiences in Yobe state encourage us to believe that alternative ways of operating can be found to achieve this.
For almost two years, MSF teams provided medical care in health districts in Yanusari in northeast Yobe. MSF also provided support to the hospital in Maïné Soroa in neighbouring Niger. Mobile teams deployed an extensive network of community health workers trained and equipped to treat malaria, malnutrition and diarrhoea, the most common diseases affecting young children.
We faced accusations of supporting the insurgents and were repeatedly asked by the Nigerian army to suspend our operations, even though our deployment was authorised by the local Ministry of Health.
Until July, when a security incident in Niger forced us to suspend our activities, they worked in areas outside government control in Nigeria’s Yanusari region and Niger’s Maïné Soroa region. During our deployment, we faced accusations of supporting the insurgents and were repeatedly asked by the Nigerian army to suspend our operations, even though our deployment was authorised by the local Ministry of Health that could no longer access the State.
That said, in two years our teams were able to give over 140,000 consultations and provide in-patient care to 3,400 seriously ill people. Our community health workers treated 24,800 malaria cases and 2,700 young children suffering with acute severe malnutrition. Several cases of measles were also treated when the disease broke out at the beginning of the year.
These experiences give us reason to believe it is possible to negotiate with the different parties on the ground.
On the islands on Lake Chad, we spent several weeks providing similar assistance along the border separating Niger from Nigeria, giving medical care to people fleeing the violence on the Nigerian side of the lake. Again, this was with the agreement of the health authorities and local communities.
These experiences give us reason to believe it is possible to negotiate with the different parties on the ground. Working with local communities when deploying this kind of assistance – however limited – ensures early treatment of illnesses and diseases causing the most infant mortality.